Many developed nations are confronting the challenges of an aging population, in which a rising proportion of citizens are over the age of 65 while birth rates continue to fall. What are the most significant consequences of this demographic shift for society and the economy? How can governments effectively manage the pressures it creates?

• ・Should the retirement age be raised as populations grow older, and what would be the social implications?
• ・How can younger generations be encouraged to financially support older citizens through pension systems?
• ・What role should immigration play in addressing labour shortages caused by an aging workforce?